Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

=== Temperament and emotions ===

[[File:CowPosture 20150612.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ear postures of cows indicate emotional state and overall welfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Proctor |first1=Helen S. |last2=Carder |first2=Gemma |date=9 October 2014 |title=Can ear postures reliably measure the positive emotional state of cows? |url=http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(14)00249-4/abstract |url-status=dead |journal=[[Applied Animal Behaviour Science]] |volume=161 |pages=20–27 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003112753/http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(14)00249-4/abstract |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]

In cattle, temperament or behavioral disposition can affect productivity, overall health, and reproduction.<ref name="Brand 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Brand |first1=B. |author2=Hadlich, F. |author3=Brandt, B. |author4=Schauer, N. |author5=Graunke, K.L. |author6=Langbein, J. |author7=Schwerin, M. |year=2015 |title=Temperament type specific metabolite profiles of the prefrontal cortex and serum in cattle. |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0125044 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025044B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125044 |pmc=4416037 |pmid=25927228 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed: shyness–boldness, exploration–avoidance, activity, [[Aggression in cattle|aggressiveness]], and sociability.<ref name="Reale 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Réale |first1=D. |last2=Reader |first2=S.M. |last3=Sol |first3=D. |last4=McDougall |first4=P.T. |last5=Dingemanse |first5=N.J. |year=2007 |title=Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=291–318 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x |pmid=17437562 |s2cid=44753594 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1874/25732}}</ref> There are many indicators of emotion in cattle. Holstein–Friesian heifers that had made clear improvements in a learning experiment had higher heart rates, indicating an emotional reaction to their own learning.<ref name="Hagen 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=K. |last2=Broom |first2=D. |year=2004 |title=Emotional reactions to learning in cattle |url=http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591%2803%2900294-6/abstract |journal=[[Applied Animal Behaviour Science]] |volume=85 |issue=3–4 |pages=203–213 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.007|url-access=subscription }}</ref> After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves react, indicating low mood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daros |first1=R.R. |last2=Costa |first2=J.H. |last3=von Keyserlingk |first3=M.A. |last4=Hötzel |first4=M.J. |last5=Weary |first5=D.M. |year=2014 |title=Separation from the dam causes negative judgement bias in dairy calves |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e98429 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...998429D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0098429 |pmc=4029834 |pmid=24848635 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Similarly, after hot-iron [[dehorning]], calves react to the post-operative pain.<ref name="Neave">{{cite journal |last1=Neave |first1=H.W. |last2=Daros |first2=R.R. |last3=Costa |first3=J.H.C. |last4=von Keyserlingk |first4=M.A.G. |last5=Weary |first5=D.M. |year=2013 |title=Pain and pessimism: Dairy calves exhibit negative judgement bias following hot-iron disbudding |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=e80556 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...880556N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080556 |pmc=3851165 |pmid=24324609 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state.<ref name="Coulon2011" /> Cattle can tell when other cattle are stressed by the chemicals in their urine.<ref name="Boissy1998" /> Cattle are [[Social animal|gregarious]], and even short-term isolation causes psychological [[Stress (biology)|stress]]. When heifers are isolated, vocalizations, [[heart rate]] and plasma [[cortisol]] all increase. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalizations rapidly decline; heart rate decreases more rapidly if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously isolated individual.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boissy |first1=A. |last2=Le Neindre |first2=P. |year=1997 |title=Behavioral, cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle |journal=[[Physiology & Behavior]] |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=693–699 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00521-5 |pmid=9145939 |s2cid=8507049}}</ref> Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.<ref name="Piller Stookey Watts 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Piller |first1=Carol A.K. |last2=Stookey |first2=Joseph M |last3=Watts |first3=Jon M. |title=Effects of mirror-image exposure on heart rate and movement of isolated heifers |journal=[[Applied Animal Behaviour Science]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |date=1999 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00010-6 |pages=93–102}}</ref>