Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

== Genetics ==

{{see|Bovine genome}}

[[File:Talenti 2022 cattle genetics.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Genomic analysis shows there are five main cattle sub-types, here labelled by continent.<ref name="Talenti 2022"/>]]

In 2009, the National Institutes of Health and the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Department of Agriculture]] reported having mapped the [[bovine genome]].<ref name="Cattle genome">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |title=Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=23 April 2009 |first=David |last=Brown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203746/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/23/AR2009042303453.html |archive-date=28 June 2011 }}</ref> Cattle have some 22,000 genes, of which 80% are shared with humans; they have about 1000 genes that they share with dogs and rodents, but not with humans. Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences between breeds that affect meat and milk yields.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gill |first=Victoria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8014598.stm |title=BBC: Cow genome 'to transform farming' |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017195942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8014598.stm |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> Early research focused on Hereford genetic sequences; a wider study mapped a further 4.2% of the cattle genome.<ref name="Talenti 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Talenti |first1=A. |last2=Powell |first2=J. |last3=Hemmink |first3=J. D. |last4=Cook |first4=E. A. J. |last5=Wragg |first5=D. |last6=Jayaraman |first6=S. |last7=Paxton |first7=E. |last8=Ezeasor |first8=C. |last9=Obishakin |first9=E. T. |last10=Agusi |first10=E. R. |last11=Tijjani |first11=A. |last12=Amanyire |first12=W. |last13=Muhanguzi |first13=D. |last14=Marshall |first14=K. |last15=Fisch |first15=A. |last16=Ferreira |first16=B. R. |last17=Qasim |first17=A. |last18=Chaudhry |first18=U. |last19=Wiener |first19=P. |last20=Toye |first20=P. |last21=Morrison |first21=L. J. |last22=Connelley |first22=T. |last23=Prendergast |first23=J. G. D. |display-authors=6 |date=17 February 2022 |title=A cattle graph genome incorporating global breed diversity |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=910 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28605-0 |pmid=35177600 |pmc=8854726 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13..910T }}</ref>

Behavioral traits of cattle can be as [[Heritability|heritable]] as some production traits, and often, the two can be related.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canario |first1=L. |last2=Mignon-Grasteau |first2=S. |last3=Dupont-Nivet |first3=M. |last4=Phocas |first4=F. |year=2013 |title=Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions |journal=Animal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=357–377 |doi=10.1017/S1751731112001978 |pmid=23127553 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01019444/file/2013_Canario_Animal_1.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Anim....7..357C }}</ref> The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for [[habituation]] to handling.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmutz |first1=S. M. |last2=Stookey |first2=J. M. |last3=Winkelman-Sim |first3=D. C. |last4=Waltz |first4=C. S. |last5=Plante |first5=Y. |last6=Buchanan |first6=F. C. |year=2001 |title=A QTL study of cattle behavioral traits in embryo transfer families |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=290–292 |doi=10.1093/jhered/92.3.290 |pmid=11447250 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2013 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=357–377 |doi=10.1017/S1751731112001978 |pmid=23127553 |journal=Animal |title=Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions |last1=Canario |first1=L. |last2=Mignon-Grasteau |first2=S. |last3=Dupont-Nivet |first3=M. |last4=Phocas |first4=F. |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01019444/file/2013_Canario_Animal_1.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Anim....7..357C }}</ref>

[[Quantitative trait loci]] have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.<ref name="Friedrich">{{cite journal |last1=Friedrich |first1=J. |last2=Brand |first2=B. |last3=Schwerin |first3=M. |year=2015 |title=Genetics of cattle temperament and its impact on livestock production and breeding – a review |journal=Archives Animal Breeding |volume=58 |pages=13–21 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275837207 |doi=10.5194/aab-58-13-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121237/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bodo_Brand/publication/275837207_Genetics_of_cattle_temperament_and_its_impact_on_livestock_production_and_breeding__a_review/links/55485d420cf2e2031b386dd8.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref>