Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

=== Phylogeny ===

Cattle have played a key role in [[human history]], having been domesticated since at least the early [[Neolithic]] age. Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild [[aurochs]] (''Bos primigenius'') approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in [[Central Anatolia Region|central Anatolia]], the [[Levant]], and [[Western Iran]], which gave rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, which produced the indicine line.<ref name="McTavish">{{cite journal |last1=McTavish |first1=E.J. |last2=Decker |first2=J.E. |last3=Schnabel |first3=R.D. |last4=Taylor |first4=J.F. |last5=Hillis |first5=D.M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmid=23530234 |pmc=3625352 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi-access=free }}</ref> Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of [[Mesopotamia]] near the villages of [[Çayönü Tepesi]], in what is now southeastern Turkey, and [[Dja'de el-Mughara]], in what is now northern Syria.<ref name="HowNowCow">{{cite journal |last1=Bollongino |first1=R. |last2=Burger |first2=J. |last3=Powell |first3=A. |last4=Mashkour |first4=M. |last5=Vigne |first5=J.-D. |last6=Thomas |first6=M. G. |year=2012 |title=Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=2101–2104 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss092 |pmid=22422765 |doi-access=free }} Op. cit. in {{cite news |last1=Wilkins |first1=Alasdair |work=[[io9]] |url=http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |title=DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512072737/http://io9.com/5897169/dna-reveals-that-cows-were-almost-impossible-to-domesticate?tag=archaeology |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref>

Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants.<ref name="McTavish"/> A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe.<ref name="Decker">{{cite journal |last1=Decker |first1=J.E. |last2=McKay |first2=S.D. |last3=Rolf |first3=M.M. |last4=Kim |first4=J. |last5=Molina Alcalá |first5=A. |last6=Sonstegard |first6=T.S. |year=2014 |title=Worldwide patterns of ancestry, divergence, and admixture in domesticated cattle. |journal=PLOS Genet. |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e1004254 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004254 |display-authors=etal |pmid=24675901 |pmc=3967955 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from the North African aurochs.<ref name="McTavish"/> Whether there have been two or three domestications, European, African, and Asian cattle share much of their genomes, both through their species ancestry and through repeated migrations of livestock and genetic material between species, as shown in the diagram.<ref name="Pitt Sevane Nicolazzi MacHugh 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Daniel |last2=Sevane |first2=Natalia |last3=Nicolazzi |first3=Ezequiel L. |last4=MacHugh |first4=David E. |last5=Park |first5=Stephen D. E. |last6=Colli |first6=Licia |last7=Martinez |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Bruford |first8=Michael W. |last9=Orozco-terWengel |first9=Pablo |title=Domestication of cattle: Two or three events? |journal=Evolutionary Applications |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2019 |pmid=30622640 |pmc=6304694 |doi=10.1111/eva.12674 |pages=123–136 |bibcode=2019EvApp..12..123P }}</ref>