Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

=== Taxonomy ===

{{See also|Bos|Bovinae}}

[[File:Cattle phylogeny and migrations.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Cattle phylogeny and migrations involve two major species, at least two domestications, and migrations between these.<ref name="Pitt Sevane Nicolazzi MacHugh 2019"/>]]
[[File:Zubron2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Żubroń]], a [[European bison]]–cattle hybrid]]

Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: ''Bos taurus'', the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); ''Bos indicus'', the [[zebu|Indicine or "zebu"]]; and the extinct ''Bos primigenius'', the [[aurochs]]. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938 |title=On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became domestic and colonized the world |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=19 |pages=148–157 |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171106/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222110938_On_the_origin_of_cattle_how_aurochs_became_domestic_and_colonized_the_world |archive-date=4 December 2017 |date=January 2010 |last1=Ajmone-Marsan |first1=Paolo |last2=Garcia |first2=J.F. |last3=Lenstra |first3=Johannes |doi=10.1002/evan.20267 |s2cid=86035650 }}</ref> They were later reclassified as one species, ''Bos taurus'', with the aurochs (''B. t. primigenius''), zebu (''B. t. indicus''), and taurine (''B. t. taurus'') cattle as subspecies.<ref name="MSW3Bostaurus" /> However, this taxonomy is contentious, and authorities such as the [[American Society of Mammalogists]] treat these taxa as separate species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore the Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006267 |access-date=21 August 2021 |website=www.mammaldiversity.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 May 2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440303001638 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006 |last1=Gentry |first1=Anthea |last2=Clutton-Brock |first2=Juliet |last3=Groves |first3=Colin P. |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to [[interbreed]] with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the [[sanga cattle]] (''Bos taurus africanus'' x ''Bos indicus''), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the [[genus]] ''[[Bos]]'' – [[yak]]s (the [[dzo]] or yattle<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mummolo |first=Jonathan |date=2007-08-11 |title=Yattle What? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081002119.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203752/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/10/AR2007081002119.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref>), [[banteng]], and [[gaur]]. Hybrids such as the [[beefalo]] breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of [[bison]], leading some authors to consider the latter part of the genus ''Bos'', as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Groves |first=C. P. |year=1981 |title=Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) |journal=Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung |volume=4 |pages=264–278}}, quoted in {{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200668|heading= Genus ''Bison''}}</ref> The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, [[genetic testing]] of the [[Dwarf Lulu]] breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Takeda |first=Kumiko |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu |journal=Animal Science Journal |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=103–110 |date=April 2004 |doi=10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x |display-authors=etal }}</ref>

[[File:Livestock market in Mali.jpg|thumb|N'dama cattle in a livestock market in [[Mali]] ]]

The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in [[Mazovia]], Poland, around 1627.<ref>Van Vuure, C.T. 2003. ''De Oeros – Het spoor terug'' (in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by [http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm The Extinction Website: ''Bos primigenius primigenius''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140454/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/aurochs.htm |date=20 April 2009 }}</ref> Breeders have attempted to recreate a similar appearance to that of the aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, producing the [[Heck cattle|Heck breed]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heck |first=H. |title=The Breeding-Back of the Aurochs |doi=10.1017/S0030605300035286 |journal=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–122 |year=1951|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A group of taurine-type cattle exist in Africa; these represent either an independent domestication event or the result of crossing taurines domesticated elsewhere with local aurochs, but they are genetically distinct;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pitt |first1=Daniel |last2=Sevane |first2=Natalia |last3=Nicolazzi |first3=Ezequiel L. |last4=MacHugh |first4=David E. |last5=Park |first5=Stephen D. E. |last6=Colli |first6=Licia |last7=Martinez |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Bruford |first8=Michael W. |last9=Orozco-terWengel |first9=Pablo |title=Domestication of cattle: Two or three events? |journal=Evolutionary Applications |date=January 2019 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1111/eva.12674 |pmid=30622640 |pmc=6304694 |bibcode=2019EvApp..12..123P }}</ref> some authors name them as a separate subspecies, ''[[Bos taurus africanus]]''.<ref name="Strydom et al 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Strydom |first1=P.E. |last2=Naude |first2=R.T. |last3=Smith |first3=M.F. |last4=Kotze |first4=A. |last5=Scholtz |first5=M.M. |last6=Van Wyk |first6=J.B. |title=Relationships between production and product traits in subpopulations of Bonsmara and Nguni cattle |journal=South African Journal of Animal Science |date=1 March 2001 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=181–194 |doi=10.4314/sajas.v31i3.3801 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The only pure African taurine breeds remaining are the [[N'Dama]], [[Kuri cattle|Kuri]] and some varieties of the West African Shorthorn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/t1300t/t1300t0j.htm |title=Genetic characterization and West African cattle |first1=C. |last1=Meghen |first2=D.E. |last2=MacHugh |first3=D.G. |last3=Bradley |website=fao.org |access-date=20 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226101512/http://www.fao.org:80/3/t1300t/t1300T0j.htm |archive-date=26 February 2019 }}</ref>

{{Visible anchor|Feral cattle|text=[[Feral organism|Feral]] cattle}} are those that have been allowed to go wild.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Feral cattle |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921162050/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feral |archive-date=21 September 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> Feral populations exist in many parts of the world,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sahagun |first1=Louis |date=2 March 2018 |title=Feral cattle terrorize hikers and devour native plants in a California national monument |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-feral-bulls-20180302-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NGRC Bos taurus |url=http://www.nodai-genome.org/bos_taurus.html?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223064915/http://www.nodai-genome.org/bos_taurus.html?lang=en |archive-date=23 February 2016 |website=www.nodai-genome.org}}</ref> sometimes on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=口之島牛(Bos Taurus)の成長曲線の作成とその特徴 |url=http://www.tech.nagoya-u.ac.jp/event/h26/Vol10/hon_secur/O9-SEI-1-s.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425012219/http://www.tech.nagoya-u.ac.jp/event/h26/Vol10/hon_secur/O9-SEI-1-s.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><!--<ref>{{cite web |title=葛島(野生化した和牛のいる島) – 奈留島港レンタカー |url=http://www.narusima.com/cont3/17.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714115549/http://www.narusima.com/cont3/17.html |archive-date=14 July 2016 |website=www.narusima.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=牛ばかりいる台湾の孤島・金門島 / 牛による牛のためのモーモーパラダイスだったことが判明 |url=http://photrip-guide.com/2016/04/10/taiwan-kinmon-ushi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507102829/http://photrip-guide.com/2016/04/10/taiwan-kinmon-ushi/ |archive-date=7 May 2016 |website=世界を旅するガイドブック Photrip フォトリップ}}</ref>--> Some, such as [[Amsterdam Island cattle]],<ref name="MSW3Bostaurus">{{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200687|heading=''Bos taurus''}}</ref> [[Chillingham cattle]],<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=Science – Chillingham Wild Cattle |url=http://chillinghamwildcattle.com/science/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509052751/http://chillinghamwildcattle.com/science/ |archive-date=9 May 2016 |website=chillinghamwildcattle.com}}</ref> and [[Aleutian wild cattle]], have become sufficiently distinct to be described as breeds.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 October 2005 |title=Alaska Isle a Corral For Feral Cattle Herd; U.S. Wants to Trade Cows for Birds |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-80866.html |url-status=dead |access-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020122750/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-80866.html |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>