Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

== Health ==

=== Pests and diseases ===

{{See|Veterinary medicine}}

{{Multiple image
|total_width       = 250
|image1            = Shorthorn heifer foot-and-mouth disease1.png
|caption1          = Drooling due to foot-and-mouth disease
|image2            = Shorthorn heifer foot-and-mouth disease2.png
|caption2          = Infected hoof of the same heifer
}}

Cattle are subject to pests including arthropod [[parasite]]s such as [[tick]]s (which can in turn transmit diseases caused by bacteria and protozoa),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ectoparasites of Cattle |url=https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/ectoparasites-of-cattle/ |website=NADIS Animal Health Skills |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> and diseases caused by [[pathogen]]s including [[bacteria]] and [[virus]]es. Some viral diseases are [[insect vector|spread by insects]]—i.e. [[bluetongue disease]] is spread by [[midge]]s. [[Psoroptic mange]] is a disabling skin condition caused by [[mite]]s. [[Bovine tuberculosis]] is caused by a bacterium; it causes disease in humans and in wild animals such as deer and badgers.<ref name="DAERA 2024">{{cite web |title=Diseases that affect cattle |date=26 April 2015 |url=https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/topics/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-diseases/diseases-affect-cattle |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> [[Foot-and-mouth disease]] is caused by a virus, affects a range of hoofed livestock and is highly contagious.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donaldson |first1=A. I. |last2=Alexandersen |first2=S. |last3=Sorensen |first3=J. H. |last4=Mikkelsen |first4=T. |title=Relative risks of the uncontrollable (airborne) spread of FMD by different species |journal=Veterinary Record |date=May 2001 |volume=148 |issue=19 |pages=602–604 |doi=10.1136/vr.148.19.602 |pmid=11386448 |s2cid=12025498 }}</ref> [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] is a neurodegenerative disease spread by a [[prion]], a misfolded [[PRNP|brain protein]], in contaminated meat.<ref name="TSE">{{cite web |title=Bovine Spongiform Encephalopaphy: An Overview |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/BSEbrochure12-2006.pdf |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=December 2006 |publisher=[[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308030306/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/BSEbrochure12-2006.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> Among the [[Intestinal parasite infection|intestinal parasites]] of cattle are ''[[Paramphistomum]]'' flukes, affecting the rumen, and [[hookworm]]s in the small intestine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=VanHoy |first1=Grace |title=Common Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle |url=https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/gastrointestinal-parasites-of-ruminants/common-gastrointestinal-parasites-of-cattle |newspaper=MSD Veterinary Manual |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=June 2023}}</ref>

=== Role of climate change ===

{{main|Effects of climate change on livestock}}

[[File:Liu 2024 climate beef.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Most of the top 10 beef-producing countries are likely to see lower production with greater temperatures (left) and heat stress (right).<ref name="Liu2024"/>]]

[[Climate change]] is expected to exacerbate [[heat stress]] in cattle, and for longer periods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Çaylı |first1=Ali M. |last2=Arslan |first2=Bilge |date=7 February 2022 |title=Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions |journal=Journal of Biosystems Engineering |volume=47 |pages=39–47 |doi=10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6 |s2cid=246655199}}</ref> Heat-stressed cattle may experience accelerated breakdown of [[adipose tissue]] by the liver, causing [[lipidosis]].<ref name="Lacetera2018">{{Cite journal |last=Lacetera |first=Nicola |date=2019-01-03 |title=Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare |journal=Animal Frontiers |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |doi=10.1093/af/vfy030 |pmc=6951873 |pmid=32002236}}</ref> Cattle eat less when heat stressed, resulting in [[rumen|ruminal]] [[acidosis]], which can lead to [[laminitis]]. Cattle can attempt to deal with higher temperatures by [[Thermoregulation#Endothermy|panting more often]]; this rapidly decreases [[carbon dioxide]] concentrations at the price of increasing [[pH]], respiratory [[alkalosis]]. To deal with this, cattle are forced to shed [[bicarbonate]] through [[urination]], at the expense of [[rumen]] buffering. These two pathologies can both cause [[lameness]].<ref name="Lacetera2018"/> Another specific risk is [[mastitis in dairy cattle|mastitis]].<ref name="Lacetera2018"/><!--<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lecchi |first1=Cristina |last2=Rota |first2=Nicola |last3=Vitali |first3=Andrea |last4=Ceciliani |first4=Fabrizio |last5=Lacetera |first5=Nicola |date=December 2016 |title=In vitro assessment of the effects of temperature on phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in bovine polymorphonuclear cells |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165242716302148 |journal=Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology |volume=182 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.007 |pmid=27863557 |hdl=2434/454100 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>--> This worsens as ''[[Calliphora]]'' blowflies increase in number with continued warming, spreading mastitis-causing bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goulson |first1=Dave |last2=Derwent |first2=Lara C. |last3=Hanley |first3=Michael E. |last4=Dunn |first4=Derek W. |last5=Abolins |first5=Steven R. |date=5 September 2005 |title=Predicting calyptrate fly populations from the weather, and probable consequences of climate change |url=https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01078.x |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=795–804 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01078.x |bibcode=2005JApEc..42..795G |s2cid=3892520 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Tick]]s too are likely to increase in temperate zones as the climate warms, increasing the risk of tick-borne diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nava |first1=Santiago |last2=Gamietea |first2=Ignacio J. |last3=Morel |first3=Nicolas |last4=Guglielmone |first4=Alberto A. |last5=Estrada-Pena |first5=Agustin |date=6 July 2022 |title=Assessment of habitat suitability for the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in temperate areas |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034528822001850 |journal=Research in Veterinary Science |volume=150 |pages=10–21 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.020 |pmid=35803002 |s2cid=250252036|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Both beef and milk production are likely to experience declines due to climate change.<ref name="Liu2024">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Weihang |last2=Zhou |first2=Junxiong |last3=Ma |first3=Yuchi |last4=Chen |first4=Shuo |last5=Luo |first5=Yuchuan |date=3 February 2024 |title=Unequal impact of climate warming on meat yields of global cattle farming |journal=Communications Earth and Environment |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=65 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01232-x |bibcode=2024ComEE...5...65L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ranjitkar |first1=Sailesh |last2=Bu |first2=Dengpan |last3=Van Wijk |first3=Mark |last4=Ma |first4=Ying |last5=Ma |first5=Lu |last6=Zhao |first6=Lianshen |last7=Shi |first7=Jianmin |last8=Liu |first8=Chousheng |last9=Xu |first9=Jianchu |date=2 April 2020 |title=Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China? |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 |journal=Climatic Change |language=en |volume=161 |issue=4 |pages=637–652 |doi=10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4 |bibcode=2020ClCh..161..637R |s2cid=214783104|url-access=subscription }}</ref>