Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

=== Cognition ===

[[File:Lecorps 2018 calf sociability.jpg|thumb|Individual cattle differ in personality traits such as fearfulness and sociability.<ref name="Lecorps2018"/>]]

Cattle have a variety of cognitive abilities. They can memorize the locations of multiple food sources,<ref name="Bailey1989">{{cite journal |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=23 |issue=4 |year=1989 |pages=331–340 |title=Characteristics of spatial memory in cattle |last1=Bailey |first1=D.W. |last2=Rittenhouse |first2=L.R. |last3=Hart |first3=R.H. |last4=Richards |first4=R.W |doi=10.1016/0168-1591(89)90101-9 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258397 }}</ref> and can retain memories for at least 48 days.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ksiksi |first1=T. |last2=Laca |first2=E.A. |year=2002 |title=Cattle do remember locations of preferred food over extended periods |journal= Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=900–904 |doi=10.5713/ajas.2002.900|doi-access=free }}</ref> Young cattle learn more quickly than adults,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kovalčik |first1=K. |last2=Kovalčik |first2=M. |year=1986 |title=Learning ability and memory testing in cattle of different ages |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=27–29 |doi=10.1016/0168-1591(86)90019-5}}</ref> and calves are capable of discrimination learning,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schaeffer |first1=R.G. |last2=Sikes |first2=J.D. |title=Discrimination learning in dairy calves |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |year=1971 |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=893–896 |doi=10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85937-4 |pmid=5141440 |doi-access=free }}</ref> distinguishing familiar and unfamiliar animals,<ref name="Coulon2011"/> and between humans, using faces and other cues.<ref name="Passille1996">{{cite journal |last1=de Passille |first1=A.M. |last2=Rushen |first2=J. |last3=Ladewig |first3=J. |last4=Petherick |first4=C. |title=Dairy calves' discrimination of people based on previous handling |year=1996 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=969–974 |journal=Journal of Animal Science|doi=10.2527/1996.745969x |pmid=8726728 }}</ref> Calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations to those of an unfamiliar cow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barfield |first1=C.H. |last2=Tang-Martinez |first2=Z. |last3=Trainer |first3=J.M. |year=1994 |title=Domestic calves (Bos taurus) recognize their own mothers by auditory cues |journal=[[Ethology (journal)|Ethology]] |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01045.x |bibcode=1994Ethol..97..257B }}</ref> Vocalizations provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller, and may indicate [[Estrous cycle|estrus]] in cows and competitive display in bulls.<ref name="Watts2000">{{cite journal |last1=Watts |first1=J.M. |last2=Stookey |first2=J.M. |year=2000 |title=Vocal behaviour in cattle: the animal's commentary on its biological processes and welfare |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00108-2 |pmid=10719186}}</ref> Cows can [[Categorization|categorize]] images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.<ref name="Coulon2011">{{cite journal |last1=Coulon |first1=M. |last2=Baudoin |first2=C. |last3=Heyman |first3=Y. |last4=Deputte |first4=B.L. |year=2011 |title=Cattle discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics by using only head visual cues |journal=[[Animal Cognition]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=279–290 |doi=10.1007/s10071-010-0361-6 |pmid=21132446 |s2cid=39755371 }}</ref> [[Cloning|Cloned]] calves from the same donor form subgroups, suggesting that kin discrimination may be a basis of grouping behaviour.<ref name="Coulon2010x">{{cite journal |last1=Coulon |first1=M. |last2=Baudoin |first2=C. |last3=Abdi |first3=H. |last4=Heyman |first4=Y. |last5=Deputte |first5=B.L. |year=2010 |title=Social behavior and kin discrimination in a mixed group of cloned and non cloned heifers (Bos taurus) |journal=[[Theriogenology]] |volume=74 |issue=9 |pages=1596–1603 |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.031|pmid=20708240 }}</ref> Cattle use [[Lateralization of brain function|visual/brain lateralisation]] when scanning novel and familiar stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=C.J.C. |last2=Oevermans |first2=H. |last3=Syrett |first3=K.L. |last4=Jespersen |first4=A.Y. |last5=Pearce |first5=G.P. |year=2015 |title=Lateralization of behavior in dairy cows in response to conspecifics and novel persons |journal=[[Journal of Dairy Science]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2389–2400 |doi=10.3168/jds.2014-8648|pmid=25648820 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/247470 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye (using the right brain hemisphere), but the right eye for familiar stimuli.<ref name="Robins">{{cite journal |last1=Robins |first1=A. |last2=Phillips |first2=C. |year=2010 |title=Lateralised visual processing in domestic cattle herds responding to novel and familiar stimuli |journal=[[Laterality (journal)|Laterality]] |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=514–534 |doi=10.1080/13576500903049324 |pmid=19629847 |s2cid=13283847 }}</ref> Individual cattle have also been observed to display different personality traits, such as fearfulness and sociability.<ref name="Lecorps2018">{{cite journal |last1=Lecorps |first1=Benjamin |last2=Weary |first2=Daniel M. |last3=von Keyserlingk |first3=Marina A. G. |date=23 January 2018 |title=Pessimism and fearfulness in dairy calves |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=1421 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-17214-3 |pmid=29362460 |pmc=5780456 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1421L }}</ref>