Editing User:Raven/ignore me (section)

=== Senses ===

Vision is the dominant sense; cattle obtain almost half of their information visually.<ref name="Adamczyk">{{cite journal |author1=Adamczyk, K. |author2=Górecka-Bruzda, A. |author3=Nowicki, J. |author4=Gumułka, M. |author5=Molik, E. |author6=Schwarz, T. |author7=Klocek, C. |year=2015 |title=Perception of environment in farm animals – A review |journal=Annals of Animal Science |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=565–589 |doi=10.1515/aoas-2015-0031 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Being prey animals, cattle evolved to look out for predators almost all around, with eyes that are on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a field of view of 330°, but limits [[binocular vision]] (and therefore [[stereopsis]]) to some 30° to 50°, compared to 140° in humans.<ref name="Coulon2011"/> They are [[Dichromacy|dichromatic]], like most mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=G.H. |last2=Deegan |first2=J.F. |last3=Neitz |first3=J. |date=March 1998 |title=Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in cows, goats and sheep |journal=[[Visual Neuroscience (journal)|Visual Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=581–584 |doi=10.1017/s0952523898153154 |pmid=9685209 |s2cid=3719972}}</ref> Cattle avoid bitter-tasting foods, selecting sweet foods for energy. Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal [[pH]].<ref name="Adamczyk"/> They seek out salty foods by taste and smell to maintain their [[electrolyte balance]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=F.R. |last2=Sly |first2=J. |year=1983 |title=The olfactory detection of sodium and lithium salts by sodium deficient cattle. |journal=[[Physiology & Behavior]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=307–312 |doi=10.1016/0031-9384(83)90193-2 |pmid=6634998 |s2cid=34619742}}</ref> Their hearing is better than that of horses,<ref name="Heffner">{{cite journal |last1=Heffner |first1=R.S. |last2=Heffner |first2=H.E. |year=1983 |title=Hearing in large mammals: Horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus) |journal=[[Behavioral Neuroscience (journal)|Behavioral Neuroscience]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1037/0735-7044.97.2.299}}</ref> but worse at localising sounds than goats, and much worse than dogs or humans.<ref name="Heffner1992">{{cite journal |last1=Heffner |first1=R.S. |last2=Heffner |first2=H.E. |year=1992 |title=Hearing in large mammals: sound-localization acuity in cattle (Bos taurus) and goats (Capra hircus) |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Psychology]] |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=107–113 |doi=10.1037/0735-7036.106.2.107 |pmid=1600717}}</ref> They can distinguish between live and recorded human speech.<ref name="Lange2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Annika |last2=Bauer |first2=Lisa |last3=Futschik |first3=Andreas |last4=Waiblinger |first4=Susanne |last5=Lürzel |first5=Stephanie |date=15 October 2020 |title=Talking to Cows: Reactions to Different Auditory Stimuli During Gentle Human-Animal Interactions |journal=[[Frontiers in Psychology]] |volume=11 |article-number=579346 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579346 |doi-access=free |pmid=33178082 |pmc=7593841 }}</ref> Olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life, indicating social and reproductive status.<ref name="Adamczyk"/><ref name="Keeling">{{cite book |last1=Bouissou |first1=M.F. |title=Social Behavior in Farm Animals |last2=Boissy |first2=A. |last3=Le Niendre |first3=P. |last4=Vessier |first4=I. |publisher=CABI Publishing |year=2001 |editor-last1=Keeling |editor-first1=L. |pages=113–133 |chapter=The Social Behaviour of Cattle 5. |editor-last2=Gonyou |editor-first2=H.}}</ref> Cattle can tell when other animals are stressed by smelling the alarm chemicals in their urine.<ref name="Boissy1998">{{cite journal |last1=Boissy |first1=A. |last2=Terlouw |first2=C. |last3=Le Neindre |first3=P. |year=1998 |title=Presence of cues from stressed conspecifics increases reactivity to aversive events in cattle: evidence for the existence of alarm substances in urine |journal=[[Physiology & Behavior|Physiology and Behavior]] |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=489–495 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00466-6 |pmid=9523888 |s2cid=36904002}}</ref> Cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.<ref name="Keeling"/>